Publications in 2020
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2020
- Timo Häckel, Anja Schmidt, Philipp Meyer, Franz Korf, and Thomas C. Schmidt. Strategies for Integrating Controls Flows in Software-Defined In-Vehicle Networks and Their Impact on Network Security. In: 2020 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC) (IEEE VNC 2020). Piscataway, NJ, USA, Dec. 2020, IEEE Press,
[Abstract], [DOI], [Bibtex]Current In-Vehicle Networks (IVNs) connect Electronic Control Units (ECUs) via domain busses. A gateway forwards messages between these domains. Automotive Ethernet emerges as a flat, high-speed backbone technology for IVNs that carries the various control flows within Ethernet frames. Recently, Software-Defined Networking (SDN) has been identified as a useful building block of the vehicular domain, as it allows the differentiation of packets based on all header fields and thus can isolate unrelated control flows. In this work, we systematically explore the different strategies for integrating automotive control flows in switched Ether-networks and analyze their security impact for a software-defined IVN. We discuss how control flow identifiers can be embedded on different layers resulting in a range of solutions from fully exposed embedding to deep encapsulation. We evaluate these strategies in a realistic IVN based on the communication matrix of a production grade vehicle, which we map into a modern Ethernet topology. We find that visibility of automotive control flows within packet headers is essential for the network infrastructure to enable isolation and access control. With an exposed embedding, the SDN backbone can establish and survey trust zones within the IVN and largely reduce the attack surface of connected cars. An exposed embedding strategy also minimizes communication expenses.
@InProceedings{ hsmks-sicfs-20, author = {Timo H{\"a}ckel and Anja Schmidt and Philipp Meyer and Franz Korf and Thomas C. Schmidt}, title = {{Strategies for Integrating Controls Flows in Software-Defined In-Vehicle Networks and Their Impact on Network Security}}, booktitle = {2020 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC) (IEEE VNC 2020)}, location = {Online}, month = dec, year = 2020, publisher = {IEEE Press}, address = {Piscataway, NJ, USA}, doi = {10.1109/VNC51378.2020.9318372}, abstract = {Current In-Vehicle Networks (IVNs) connect Electronic Control Units (ECUs) via domain busses. A gateway forwards messages between these domains. Automotive Ethernet emerges as a flat, high-speed backbone technology for IVNs that carries the various control flows within Ethernet frames. Recently, Software-Defined Networking (SDN) has been identified as a useful building block of the vehicular domain, as it allows the differentiation of packets based on all header fields and thus can isolate unrelated control flows. In this work, we systematically explore the different strategies for integrating automotive control flows in switched Ether-networks and analyze their security impact for a software-defined IVN. We discuss how control flow identifiers can be embedded on different layers resulting in a range of solutions from fully exposed embedding to deep encapsulation. We evaluate these strategies in a realistic IVN based on the communication matrix of a production grade vehicle, which we map into a modern Ethernet topology. We find that visibility of automotive control flows within packet headers is essential for the network infrastructure to enable isolation and access control. With an exposed embedding, the SDN backbone can establish and survey trust zones within the IVN and largely reduce the attack surface of connected cars. An exposed embedding strategy also minimizes communication expenses.}, groups = {own, sdn, publications, security} } - Philipp Meyer, Timo Häckel, Falk Langer, Lukas Stahlbock, Jochen Decker, Sebastian A. Eckhardt, Franz Korf, Thomas C. Schmidt, and Fabian Schüppel. Demo: A Security Infrastructure for Vehicular Information Using SDN, Intrusion Detection, and a Defense Center in the Cloud. In: 2020 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC) (IEEE VNC 2020). Piscataway, NJ, USA, Dec. 2020, IEEE Press,
[Abstract], [DOI], [Bibtex]Vehicular on-board communication is the basis for advanced driver assistance, autonomous driving, over-the-air updates, and many more. If unprotected, this infrastructure is vulnerable to manipulation and various attacks. As any networked system, future connected cars require robust protection, monitoring, and incidence management against cyber-attacks during their lifetime. We demonstrate an infrastructure that secures the in-vehicle communication system and enables the security management of an entire vehicle fleet. Our prototype - a real-world production car - uses an Ethernet backbone network. It implements protective measures using software-defined networking, anomaly detection technologies, and is connected to a cyber defense center in the cloud. We demonstrate how this combination can reliably detect and mitigate common attacks on the vehicle - including its legacy components.
@InProceedings{ mhlsd-dsivi-20, author = {Philipp Meyer and Timo H{\"a}ckel and Falk Langer and Lukas Stahlbock and Jochen Decker and Sebastian A. Eckhardt and Franz Korf and Thomas C. Schmidt and Fabian Sch{\"u}ppel}, title = {{Demo: A Security Infrastructure for Vehicular Information Using {SDN,} Intrusion Detection, and a Defense Center in the Cloud}}, booktitle = {2020 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC) (IEEE VNC 2020)}, location = {Online}, month = dec, year = 2020, publisher = {IEEE Press}, address = {Piscataway, NJ, USA}, doi = {10.1109/VNC51378.2020.9318351}, abstract = {Vehicular on-board communication is the basis for advanced driver assistance, autonomous driving, over-the-air updates, and many more. If unprotected, this infrastructure is vulnerable to manipulation and various attacks. As any networked system, future connected cars require robust protection, monitoring, and incidence management against cyber-attacks during their lifetime. We demonstrate an infrastructure that secures the in-vehicle communication system and enables the security management of an entire vehicle fleet. Our prototype - a real-world production car - uses an Ethernet backbone network. It implements protective measures using software-defined networking, anomaly detection technologies, and is connected to a cyber defense center in the cloud. We demonstrate how this combination can reliably detect and mitigate common attacks on the vehicle - including its legacy components.}, groups = {own, sdn, publications, security, anomaly-detection} } - Randolf Rotermund, Timo Häckel, Philipp Meyer, Franz Korf, and Thomas C. Schmidt. Requirements Analysis and Performance Evaluation of SDN Controllers for Automotive Use Cases. In: 2020 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC) (IEEE VNC 2020). Piscataway, NJ, USA, Dec. 2020, IEEE Press,
[Abstract], [Slides (pdf)], [DOI], [Bibtex]Future vehicles will be more connected than ever leading to increased dynamics in vehicle on-board networks. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is a promising technology to meet the emerging needs for flexibility and security in future automotive use cases. Although SDN controllers have been evaluated in data center networks, to the best of our knowledge there is a lack of an analysis and performance evaluation of SDN controllers for automotive use cases. In this work we provide a detailed requirements analysis for the use of SDN controllers in cars. Based on this requirements analysis we choose existing controller implementations for a performance analysis. Finally, we analyze automotive specific use cases for SDN controllers with controller application examples and show how these can fulfill additional requirements. Our evaluation provides a helpful basis for the design and development of SDN controllers that can be used in vehicles.
@InProceedings{ rhmks-rapesc-20, author = {Randolf Rotermund and Timo H{\"a}ckel and Philipp Meyer and Franz Korf and Thomas C. Schmidt}, title = {{Requirements Analysis and Performance Evaluation of {SDN} Controllers for Automotive Use Cases}}, booktitle = {2020 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC) (IEEE VNC 2020)}, location = {Online}, month = dec, year = 2020, publisher = {IEEE Press}, address = {Piscataway, NJ, USA}, doi = {10.1109/VNC51378.2020.9318378}, abstract = {Future vehicles will be more connected than ever leading to increased dynamics in vehicle on-board networks. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is a promising technology to meet the emerging needs for flexibility and security in future automotive use cases. Although SDN controllers have been evaluated in data center networks, to the best of our knowledge there is a lack of an analysis and performance evaluation of SDN controllers for automotive use cases. In this work we provide a detailed requirements analysis for the use of SDN controllers in cars. Based on this requirements analysis we choose existing controller implementations for a performance analysis. Finally, we analyze automotive specific use cases for SDN controllers with controller application examples and show how these can fulfill additional requirements. Our evaluation provides a helpful basis for the design and development of SDN controllers that can be used in vehicles.}, groups = {own, sdn, automotive, performance-analysis, publications} } - Philipp Meyer, Timo Häckel, Franz Korf, and Thomas C. Schmidt. Network Anomaly Detection in Cars based on Time-Sensitive Ingress Control. In: 2020 IEEE 92nd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2020-Fall). Pages 1—5, Piscataway, NJ, USA, Nov. 2020, IEEE Press,
[Abstract], [Fulltext Document (pdf)], [Slides (pdf)], [DOI], [Bibtex]Connected cars need robust protection against network attacks. Network anomaly detection and prevention on board will be particularly fast and reliable when situated on the lowest possible layer. Blocking traffic on a low layer, however, causes severe harm if triggered erroneously by falsely positive alarms. In this paper, we introduce and evaluate a concept for detecting anomalous traffic using the ingress control of Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN). We build on the idea that already defined TSN traffic descriptors for in-car network configurations are rigorous, and hence any observed violation should not be a false positive. Also, we use Software-Defined Networking (SDN) technologies to collect and evaluate ingress anomaly reports, to identify the generating flows, and to ban them from the network. We evaluate our concept by simulating a real-world zonal network topology of a future car. Our findings confirm that abnormally behaving individual flows can indeed be reliably segregated with zero false positives.
@InProceedings{ mhks-nadci-20, author = {Philipp Meyer and Timo H{\"a}ckel and Franz Korf and Thomas C. Schmidt}, title = {{Network Anomaly Detection in Cars based on Time-Sensitive Ingress Control}}, booktitle = {2020 IEEE 92nd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2020-Fall)}, location = {Online}, month = nov, year = 2020, pages = {1--5}, publisher = {IEEE Press}, address = {Piscataway, NJ, USA}, doi = {10.1109/VTC2020-Fall49728.2020.9348746}, abstract = {Connected cars need robust protection against network attacks. Network anomaly detection and prevention on board will be particularly fast and reliable when situated on the lowest possible layer. Blocking traffic on a low layer, however, causes severe harm if triggered erroneously by falsely positive alarms. In this paper, we introduce and evaluate a concept for detecting anomalous traffic using the ingress control of Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN). We build on the idea that already defined TSN traffic descriptors for in-car network configurations are rigorous, and hence any observed violation should not be a false positive. Also, we use Software-Defined Networking (SDN) technologies to collect and evaluate ingress anomaly reports, to identify the generating flows, and to ban them from the network. We evaluate our concept by simulating a real-world zonal network topology of a future car. Our findings confirm that abnormally behaving individual flows can indeed be reliably segregated with zero false positives.}, groups = {own, publications, simulation, tsn, security, sdn, anomaly-detection}, langid = {english} } - Mehmet Cakir. Simulation-Based Evaluation of a Delay-Based Forwarding Concept. Oct. 2020, Talk.
[Abstract], [Fulltext Document (pdf)], [Slides (pdf)], [Bibtex]Quality-of-Service (QoS) mechanisms can prioritize a particular network flow with IntServ. Clemm and Eckert propose Latency-Based Forwarding (LBF) as a novel approach to provide support for high-precision latency objectives. It prioritizes traffic with introducing packet metadata which carries latency objectives. With that metadata different actions will be taken at network nodes. A Proof-of-Concept has been developed using Big Packet Protocol (BPP). So in contrast to IntServ LBF supports prioritizing specific packets. The purpose is to provide fairness among different applications. For example packets that aren't urgent as others can be chosen sent later as the urgent ones. Clemm and Eckert contacted us to enable further investigations for the LBF mechanism with OMNeT++. We want to compare our simulation results to the emulation results. The goal is to validate the results of Clemm and Eckert with ours.
@Misc{ c-sedbf-20, author = {Mehmet Cakir}, title = {{Simulation-Based Evaluation of a Delay-Based Forwarding Concept}}, howpublished = {OMNeT++ Community Summit 2020}, month = oct, year = 2020, abstract = {Quality-of-Service (QoS) mechanisms can prioritize a particular network flow with IntServ. Clemm and Eckert propose Latency-Based Forwarding (LBF) as a novel approach to provide support for high-precision latency objectives. It prioritizes traffic with introducing packet metadata which carries latency objectives. With that metadata different actions will be taken at network nodes. A Proof-of-Concept has been developed using Big Packet Protocol (BPP). So in contrast to IntServ LBF supports prioritizing specific packets. The purpose is to provide fairness among different applications. For example packets that aren't urgent as others can be chosen sent later as the urgent ones. Clemm and Eckert contacted us to enable further investigations for the LBF mechanism with OMNeT++. We want to compare our simulation results to the emulation results. The goal is to validate the results of Clemm and Eckert with ours.}, note = {Talk}, groups = {own, publications, simulation, delay-based forwarding}, langid = {english} } - Randolf Rotermund. Performanzanalyse von SDN-Controllern für Ethernet-basierte Kommunikationsarchitekturen im Fahrzeug. Jul. 2020, Bachelorthesis. Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg.
[Abstract], [Fulltext Document (pdf)], [Bibtex]Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Analyse und Evaluation von SDN-Controllern, die voraussichtlich in modernen Fahrzeugen mit Ethernet als Kommunikationsarchitektur eingebaut werden. Die Analyse erfolgt in drei Evaluationsschritten. Anfangs werden vier SDN-Controller mittels einer Anforderungsanalyse ausgewählt. Der zweite Schritt beinhaltet, die Performanzanalyse, die mittels einer Zusammenstellung von Metriken durchgeführt wird. Abschließend wird der SDN-Controller mit den besten Ergebnissen bei der Performanzanalyse in einem realen Fallbeispiel genutzt. In diesem Fallbeispiel werden mögliche Anwendungsgebiete und Schwächen von SDN-Controllern in einem Fahrzeugbordnetzwerk deutlich gemacht. Die Anforderungsanalyse hat gezeigt, dass die SDN Controller aus der Auswahl nicht alle kritischen Anforderungen erfüllen konnten. Die Ergebnisse der Performanzanalyse machen deutlich, dass SDN-Controller in der Lage sind innerhalb der zeitlichen Einschränkungen von Fahrzeugen zu agieren. Bei einem Ausfall würden diese für die zeitlichen Verhältnisse in einem Fahrzeug trotzdem zu lange brauchen. Das Fallbeispiel hat gezeigt, dass in einem realen Umfeld einige fehlende Anforderungen, durch Applikationen erfüllt werden können. Das Zeitverhalten bei einem Neustart oder Ausfall des Controllers ist dementsprechend der einzige ausschlaggebende Grund, der den Einbau in ein Fahrzeug verhindert.
@MastersThesis{ r-psdnc-20, author = {Randolf Rotermund}, title = {{Performanzanalyse von SDN-Controllern f{\"u}r Ethernet-basierte Kommunikationsarchitekturen im Fahrzeug}}, month = jul, year = 2020, school = {Hochschule f{\"u}r Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg}, address = {Hamburg}, abstract = {Diese Arbeit besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit der Analyse und Evaluation von SDN-Controllern, die voraussichtlich in modernen Fahrzeugen mit Ethernet als Kommunikationsarchitektur eingebaut werden. Die Analyse erfolgt in drei Evaluationsschritten. Anfangs werden vier SDN-Controller mittels einer Anforderungsanalyse ausgew{\"a}hlt. Der zweite Schritt beinhaltet, die Performanzanalyse, die mittels einer Zusammenstellung von Metriken durchgef{\"u}hrt wird. Abschlie{\ss}end wird der SDN-Controller mit den besten Ergebnissen bei der Performanzanalyse in einem realen Fallbeispiel genutzt. In diesem Fallbeispiel werden m{\"o}gliche Anwendungsgebiete und Schw{\"a}chen von SDN-Controllern in einem Fahrzeugbordnetzwerk deutlich gemacht. Die Anforderungsanalyse hat gezeigt, dass die SDN Controller aus der Auswahl nicht alle kritischen Anforderungen erf{\"u}llen konnten. Die Ergebnisse der Performanzanalyse machen deutlich, dass SDN-Controller in der Lage sind innerhalb der zeitlichen Einschr{\"a}nkungen von Fahrzeugen zu agieren. Bei einem Ausfall w{\"u}rden diese f{\"u}r die zeitlichen Verh{\"a}ltnisse in einem Fahrzeug trotzdem zu lange brauchen. Das Fallbeispiel hat gezeigt, dass in einem realen Umfeld einige fehlende Anforderungen, durch Applikationen erf{\"u}llt werden k{\"o}nnen. Das Zeitverhalten bei einem Neustart oder Ausfall des Controllers ist dementsprechend der einzige ausschlaggebende Grund, der den Einbau in ein Fahrzeug verhindert.}, type = {bachelorsthesis}, entrysubtype = {bachelorsthesis}, groups = {own, thesis, sdn, automotive, performance-analysis}, langid = {ngerman} } - Sebastian Szancer. Concept of a V2X Application-Level Gateway with Context-sensitive Semantic Analysis of Application Data - Hauptprojekt. May. 2020,
[Abstract], [Fulltext Document (pdf)], [Bibtex]Modern cars communicate with a variety of entities ranging from other vehicles and infrastructure, such as traffic lights, to Internet-based services running on remote servers. This V2X communication enables the realisation of innovative functionality such as ''over the air'' ECU software updates, optimised navigation and route planning or coordinated autonomous driving. It is necessary that V2X communication is appropriately secured, especially since it includes safety-critical communication. This can be done with a V2X Security Gateway in the vehicle, which serves as a proxy for vehicle-internal services communicating with the outside world and ensures cryptographic security as well as security on the internet-, transport- and application layer. A central component of such a V2X Security Gateway is the V2X Application-Level Gateway, which ensures security on the application layer, including a context-sensitive semantic analysis of application data. It also realises the proxy-functionality and ensures cryptographic security. This paper presents a concept and prototype implementation of such a V2X Application-Level Gateway for IP-based traffic. The implementation was evaluated with the V2X Application-Level Gateway software run on an Intel NUC integrated in a test network representing an internal vehicle network. In this network, consisting of an Edgecore SDN switch and Intel NUCs and Raspberry Pis representing vehicle ECUs, the scenario of remotely controlling the vehicle trunk was simulated.
@TechReport{ s-vacsa-20, author = {Sebastian Szancer}, title = {{Concept of a V2X Application-Level Gateway with Context-sensitive Semantic Analysis of Application Data - Hauptprojekt}}, month = may, year = 2020, institution = {CoRE Research Group, Hochschule f{\"u}r Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg}, abstract = {Modern cars communicate with a variety of entities ranging from other vehicles and infrastructure, such as traffic lights, to Internet-based services running on remote servers. This V2X communication enables the realisation of innovative functionality such as ''over the air'' ECU software updates, optimised navigation and route planning or coordinated autonomous driving. It is necessary that V2X communication is appropriately secured, especially since it includes safety-critical communication. This can be done with a V2X Security Gateway in the vehicle, which serves as a proxy for vehicle-internal services communicating with the outside world and ensures cryptographic security as well as security on the internet-, transport- and application layer. A central component of such a V2X Security Gateway is the V2X Application-Level Gateway, which ensures security on the application layer, including a context-sensitive semantic analysis of application data. It also realises the proxy-functionality and ensures cryptographic security. This paper presents a concept and prototype implementation of such a V2X Application-Level Gateway for IP-based traffic. The implementation was evaluated with the V2X Application-Level Gateway software run on an Intel NUC integrated in a test network representing an internal vehicle network. In this network, consisting of an Edgecore SDN switch and Intel NUCs and Raspberry Pis representing vehicle ECUs, the scenario of remotely controlling the vehicle trunk was simulated.}, groups = {own, seminar, security}, langid = {english} } - Jonas Schäufler. Anomaly detection of attacks on LIDAR based automotive perception systems - Hauptprojekt. Mar. 2020,
[Fulltext Document (pdf)], [Bibtex]@TechReport{ s-adalb-20, author = {Jonas Sch{\"a}ufler}, title = {{Anomaly detection of attacks on LIDAR based automotive perception systems - Hauptprojekt}}, month = mar, year = 2020, institution = {CoRE Research Group, Hochschule f{\"u}r Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg}, groups = {own, seminar, security}, langid = {english} } - Kai Steffen Wienberg. Implementierung und Evaluation einer Time-Sensitive Software-Defined Networking Architektur für den Automobilbereich. Feb. 2020, Bachelorthesis. Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg.
[Abstract], [Fulltext Document (pdf)], [Bibtex]In dieser Bachelorarbeit wird eine Applikation zur Konfiguration eines Time-Sensitive Software-Defined Networking (TSSDN)-Switches konzeptioniert und implementiert. Daraufhin wird anhand verschiedener Testarchitekturen und Testfälle evaluiert, ob TSSDN und der Switch die Anforderungen im Automobilbereich erfüllen können. Durch genaue Messungen der Latenz und Berechnung des Jitters wird ermittelt, wie sich Cross-Traffic auf priorisierte Nachrichten auswirkt und ob durch Scheduling der Nachrichten maximale Laufzeiten garantiert werden können.
@MastersThesis{ w-ietsn-20, author = {Kai Steffen Wienberg}, title = {{Implementierung und Evaluation einer Time-Sensitive Software-Defined Networking Architektur f{\"u}r den Automobilbereich}}, month = feb, year = 2020, school = {Hochschule f{\"u}r Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg}, address = {Hamburg}, abstract = {In dieser Bachelorarbeit wird eine Applikation zur Konfiguration eines Time-Sensitive Software-Defined Networking (TSSDN)-Switches konzeptioniert und implementiert. Daraufhin wird anhand verschiedener Testarchitekturen und Testf{\"a}lle evaluiert, ob TSSDN und der Switch die Anforderungen im Automobilbereich erf{\"u}llen k{\"o}nnen. Durch genaue Messungen der Latenz und Berechnung des Jitters wird ermittelt, wie sich Cross-Traffic auf priorisierte Nachrichten auswirkt und ob durch Scheduling der Nachrichten maximale Laufzeiten garantiert werden k{\"o}nnen.}, type = {bachelorsthesis}, entrysubtype = {bachelorsthesis}, groups = {own, thesis, tsn, sdn}, langid = {ngerman} } - Mehmet Cakir. Evaluation dienstorientierter Kommunikation in automobilen Zonalarchitekturen. Jan. 2020, Bachelorthesis. Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg.
[Abstract], [Fulltext Document (pdf)], [Slides (pdf)], [Bibtex]In Automobilnetzwerken steigt mit zunehmender Anzahl von Netzwerkkomponenten der Bandbreitenbedarf, wodurch Ethernet Bussysteme verdrängt. Dienstorientierte Architekturen verringern die Komplexität und können mit Dienstgüteverhandlungen heterogene Anforderungen erfüllen. Diese Arbeit evaluiert mithilfe einer praxisnahen Simulationsumgebung eine dienstorientierte Middleware mit dynamischer Dienstgüteverhandlung. Die Middleware und eine Netzwerkbeschreibungssprache werden erweitert, sowie das Zeitverhalten der Middleware untersucht. Zeitliche Anforderungen in heterogenen Autonetzwerken werden eingehalten und die Setup-Time liegt deutlich unter den Anforderungen.
@MastersThesis{ c-edkaz-20, author = {Mehmet Cakir}, title = {{Evaluation dienstorientierter Kommunikation in automobilen Zonalarchitekturen}}, month = jan, year = 2020, school = {Hochschule f{\"u}r Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg}, address = {Hamburg}, abstract = {In Automobilnetzwerken steigt mit zunehmender Anzahl von Netzwerkkomponenten der Bandbreitenbedarf, wodurch Ethernet Bussysteme verdr{\"a}ngt. Dienstorientierte Architekturen verringern die Komplexit{\"a}t und k{\"o}nnen mit Dienstg{\"u}teverhandlungen heterogene Anforderungen erf{\"u}llen. Diese Arbeit evaluiert mithilfe einer praxisnahen Simulationsumgebung eine dienstorientierte Middleware mit dynamischer Dienstg{\"u}teverhandlung. Die Middleware und eine Netzwerkbeschreibungssprache werden erweitert, sowie das Zeitverhalten der Middleware untersucht. Zeitliche Anforderungen in heterogenen Autonetzwerken werden eingehalten und die Setup-Time liegt deutlich unter den Anforderungen.}, type = {bachelorsthesis}, entrysubtype = {bachelorsthesis}, groups = {own, thesis, simulation}, langid = {ngerman} }